In June 2025, the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) officially recognized a new blood group system, marking the 48th such system. This new group, named Gwada, is distinguished by a high-frequency antigen called GWADA. The only known individual with a blood type lacking this antigen is a 68-year-old woman from Guadeloupe, France, making her the sole known carrier of the "Gwada Negative" blood type.
The unique "Gwada Negative" blood type results from a mutation in the PIGZ gene, which affects the anchoring of proteins on the surface of red blood cells. This mutation leads to the absence of the GWADA antigen. Both of the woman's parents carried this rare genetic variant, which she inherited, resulting in her singular blood type.
The initial anomaly was observed in 2011 when the woman underwent routine pre-surgical testing in Paris. Her blood reacted against all donor samples, including those from close family members, prompting further investigation. However, due to technological limitations at the time, the cause remained unidentified until 2019. Advanced DNA sequencing techniques enabled researchers to pinpoint the rare genetic mutation responsible for the unique blood type.
Blood transfusion compatibility is crucial for patient safety. Because the woman's blood type is unique, she can only receive blood from herself. This situation underscores the importance of identifying and understanding rare blood types to ensure safe transfusions for all individuals.
The identification of the Gwada Negative blood type was made possible through advanced DNA sequencing techniques. These methods allow for deeper and more accurate analysis of genetic material, facilitating the discovery of rare and previously unknown blood types. Such technological advancements are vital for enhancing our understanding of human genetics and improving medical care.
The discovery of the Gwada Negative blood type highlights the complexity and diversity of human genetics. It emphasizes the need for continued research and technological innovation in the field of blood transfusion medicine to accommodate the full spectrum of human genetic variation. As science progresses, it is essential to remain vigilant and adaptable to the unique medical needs that arise from such rare genetic occurrences.
References
International Society of Blood Transfusion. "ISBT Announcement about the New PIGZ Blood Group System." August 22, 2025. Accessed October 20, 2025.
Haney, Chelsea. "Inside the Discovery of Gwada-Negative: The World's Rarest Blood Type." New Atlas, August 2, 2025. Accessed October 20, 2025.
"Gwada Negative: All About the World's Rarest 48th Blood Type Found in Just One Person." The Economic Times, June 26, 2025. Accessed October 20, 2025.
"Scientists Identify World's Newest — and Rarest — Blood Type." The World, July 17, 2025. Accessed October 20, 2025.
(Rh/Eth/SS)