Skin Deep Science: Health Pros and Cons of Dark and Fair Skin

Skin colour, largely determined by the type and amount of melanin, plays a role in several physiological functions. Recent research sheds new light on how darker skin may provide advantages beyond appearance, as well as what downsides both lighter and darker skin types carry.

A study from the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), challenged traditional views about human skin pigmentation. Researchers including Peter Elias, MD, and Mary L. Williams, MD, proposed that darkly pigmented skin evolved because it offers a stronger barrier against environmental stressors. Key findings include:

• Barrier Function & Water Loss: Dark skin demonstrates better moisture retention.

• Antimicrobial Defense: Dark skin tends to have a lower surface pH (i.e. more acidic), which inhibits growth of harmful microbes and supports antimicrobial peptides.

• Mechanical Strength: Research showed skin with heavier pigmentation is more robust against mechanical damage—irritation, abrasions, etc.

Dr. Sudhir Kumar, MD, neurologist trained at CMC Vellore, recently posted on X (formerly Twitter) to clarify misunderstandings about skin colour and health risks. He stated that darker skin provides more natural defence against UV damage, while fair skin has less melanin and requires greater protection to reduce risks such as skin cancer. He also cautioned against using skin-lightening products which often carry harmful ingredients.

1. Sun Protection for Everyone: Regardless of skin tone, UV exposure can damage skin. Fair-skinned individuals need stricter protection (e.g. broad-spectrum sunscreen, protective clothing, avoiding peak sun hours). Dark-skinned people also benefit from sun protection, especially in intense sunlight or UV index high environments.

2. Vitamin D Awareness: Because melanin reduces UV penetration, individuals with darker skin may need to monitor vitamin D levels, especially if they live in areas with low sunlight, wear clothing that covers most skin, or spend little time outdoors. Dietary sources or supplementation may be required under medical advice.

3. Skin Care for Conditions Visible in Dark Skin: Dermatologists acknowledge that skin of colour often shows post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, keloids, or other pigment irregularities more visibly. These conditions may require different treatment approaches and earlier intervention.

4. Avoiding Harmful Cosmetic Products: In many places, like India, fairness or skin bleaching creams contain agents such as hydroquinone, steroids, or even mercury, which can thin the skin, cause irritation, increase infection risk, or lead to systemic toxicity. Careful regulation and medical supervision are important. Dr. Kumar flagged such concerns in his statement.

Reference

1. UCSF News Center. “Darker Skin is Stronger Skin, Says New View of Human Skin Color.” University of California, San Francisco, June 24, 2016. https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2016/06/403401/darker-skin-stronger-skin-says-new-view-human-skin-color

(Rh/Eth/TL/MSM)