Understanding Japanese Encephalitis: Delhi’s Recent Case Highlights the Risk

After 13 years of silence, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) has resurfaced in Delhi, sending a ripple of concern through the city. The first case was reported in a 72-year-old man from Bindapur in West Delhi, who was admitted to AIIMS on November 3 after experiencing chest pain. Doctors diagnosed him with this rare but dangerous brain infection, marking the first reported case of JE in Delhi since 2011, when 14 people were affected.

Japanese Encephalitis is no ordinary illness. It is caused by the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) and transmitted through the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes. These mosquitoes thrive in stagnant and dirty water, making urban areas particularly susceptible. What starts as mild symptoms, such as fever and body aches, can escalate into severe complications, including confusion, seizures, and unconsciousness. Survivors are often left with long-term neurological issues that drastically affect their quality of life.

Dr. Harshal R. Salve, Additional Professor at AIIMS, warns that the disease’s spread is tied to poor sanitation and water management. “Culex mosquitoes breed on dirty water and artificial water collections,” he explains. This is why mosquito control is at the heart of preventing the spread of JE.

Children are particularly vulnerable due to their weaker immune systems. “The high risk among kids is due to a lack of immunity,” says Dr. Tushar Tayal, Consultant in Internal Medicine at CK Birla Hospital, Gurugram. Adults working near rice paddies, pig farms, or areas with stagnant water—such as farmers and laborers—are also at risk. In short, the disease doesn’t discriminate, but it finds fertile ground where hygiene takes a backseat.

This case in Delhi is a grim reminder that mosquito-borne diseases remain a persistent threat. While Delhi has not seen a case of JE since 2011, other parts of India continue to battle its impact. In 2024 alone, 1,548 JE cases were reported across 24 states and Union Territories, with Assam accounting for a staggering 925 cases. The resurgence in Delhi has pushed health officials into action.

The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) wasted no time in responding to the threat. Measures to control mosquito breeding, such as fogging and larval source reduction, have been intensified. Public awareness campaigns have been launched, urging people to take preventive measures like cleaning stagnant water, using mosquito nets, and applying repellents. “Larval source reduction and community initiatives are critical right now,” an MCD official stated.

One of the most effective tools against JE is vaccination, particularly for children, who are the most vulnerable group. Since 2013, the government has included the JE vaccine in its Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP), ensuring two doses for children in high-risk areas. Experts are now calling for these efforts to be ramped up, especially in regions where JE cases have surfaced.

Dr. Tayal stresses the importance of prevention. “Vaccination and proactive measures are our strongest defenses against this potentially fatal disease,” he says. Indeed, while health authorities can do their part, preventing JE requires active participation from the public.

For residents, the solution starts at home. Eliminating standing water in drains, pots, and other areas can significantly reduce mosquito breeding. Covering water containers, using bed nets, and applying mosquito repellents are simple but effective steps. If someone develops a persistent fever or unusual symptoms like severe headaches, seeking immediate medical attention is crucial.

This single case in Delhi might seem isolated, but it’s a wake-up call. It reminds us how quickly diseases like JE can resurface if we let our guard down. Public health authorities are doing their part, but the community’s involvement is just as essential. Clean surroundings, consistent vaccination, and vigilance can make all the difference.

Dr. Salve summed it up well: “The resurgence of JE calls for renewed focus on mosquito control and vaccination efforts.” The fight against mosquito-borne diseases is far from over, but with timely action, both by the authorities and the public, Delhi can prevent this isolated case from becoming an outbreak.

Let this be a reminder of how interconnected health and environment truly are. By taking small steps today, we can protect our families, communities, and cities from diseases like Japanese Encephalitis.

(Input from various sources)

(Rehash/Yash Kamble/MSM)