Over 60% of Daily Energy in India Comes from Low-Quality Carbohydrates: ICMR-INDIAB Study

A recent nationwide study has found that over 60% of the daily energy intake of Indians comes from low-quality carbohydrates, primarily white rice and processed grains. This dietary pattern is strongly linked to higher risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. The findings, published in Nature Medicine, underscore the urgent need for public health strategies that promote high-quality carbohydrates, proteins, and physical activity.

The ICMR-INDIAB study, conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in collaboration with the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF), surveyed more than 1.2 lakh adults across all 36 states and union territories, including Delhi. Using door-to-door surveys, dietary assessments, and clinical measurements, researchers analyzed participants’ energy intake, physical activity, and prevalence of metabolic risk factors.

The study revealed that carbs account for 62.3% of total daily energy intake, with refined cereals contributing 28.5% and milled whole grains 16.2%. Fat contributed 25.2%, while protein intake was low at just 12%—below the National Dietary Guidelines recommendation of 15%.

High carbohydrate consumption in India is associated with elevated metabolic risks. Individuals with the highest carbohydrate intake showed a 30% higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, a 22% increased likelihood of obesity, and a 15% greater chance of abdominal obesity compared to those with lower intake. Interestingly, replacing refined cereals with whole wheat or millet flour without reducing overall carbohydrates did not significantly reduce diabetes risk.

While statistics and percentages highlight dietary trends, the real impact is felt in everyday meals across Indian households. For many, a typical lunch or dinner plate includes white rice, chapati, or parathas—foods that are rich in carbohydrates but low in protein and fiber. Snacks such as packaged biscuits, namkeen, or sugary drinks further increase refined carbohydrate intake, often without providing essential nutrients.

These dietary habits, combined with sedentary lifestyles, make it easy for energy intake to exceed what the body actually needs, leading to gradual weight gain and increased risk of metabolic disorders. Urban professionals may grab quick meals dominated by rice, noodles, or bread due to convenience, while children’s diets often include polished rice, processed cereals, and sugary treats.

The study also highlighted regional variations. North India reported the highest rates of overweight (54%), obesity (37%), and abdominal obesity (48%), while eastern regions had comparatively lower prevalence. About 61% of participants were physically inactive, further compounding the risk of metabolic disorders. Approximately one-third of the population was found to have hypertension, with minimal regional differences.

Reference:

1. Anjana, R., et al. 2025. “Dietary Profiles and Associated Metabolic Risk Factors in India from the ICMR–INDIAB Survey-21.” Nature Medicine. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-025-03949-4

(Rh/Eth/ARC/MSM)